Madagascar is a country that deserves more attention than other African countries. It is an extensive reservoir of under-tapped wisdom. The Malagasy have known not to sacrifice their linguistic values on the altar of modernity. Language is the horse of culture. We then understand the cultural richness of the big island, which is manifested, among other things, by the density of its proverbs.
The one that caught our attention here relates to a fact that, at first glance, may seem trivial. It’s no surprise that a chick has trouble eating a grasshopper. As a keen observer, the Malagasy sage only draws a lesson from it for more complex social situations. When you have an important business, whatever the field, you must use substantial resources. It assumes that one did serious evaluation work beforehand to avoid embarking on a futile adventure. But, when the gain is considerable, we will not skimp on financial, material, or human resources.
This proverb is reminiscent of the parables of the hidden treasure and the pearl in Matthew 13:44-46:
« 44 The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure buried in a field. A man discovers it: he hides it again, goes away, overflowing with joy, sells everything he owns, and buys this field.45 This is what the kingdom of heaven still looks like: a merchant is looking for beautiful pearls. 46 When he has found one of great value, he goes and sells everything he has and buys this precious pearl. »
These two proverbs refer to the same reality. In both cases, a person finds an asset of great value beyond his assets. She decides to sell all her possessions to acquire what is more precious. The phrase « the kingdom of heaven is like… » introduces these parables and clearly outlines their parameters. We are here in a spiritual context. Faced with eternal life with all its values and blessings, the ephemeral goods of this world are no match. Of course, the purpose of this proverb is not to teach that eternal salvation is linked to the dispossession of material wealth but to stick only to that which is spiritual. It is instead a question of priority, of the ability to overcome the pitfalls on the way to the kingdom of God. Other biblical texts, like Matthew 5:29-30 or 6:33, Rom. 8:18, Phil. 3:7-8 can shed some light on this. It is appropriate to sacrifice goods or privileges when they constitute an obstacle to the glorious riches of the kingdom of heaven.
If the context naturally lends itself to a spiritual interpretation, the principle that emerges from this pericope is also valid in other areas of social life. For example, Africa is being shaken badly now by corporate groups, organizations, and movements that make no secret of their purpose to sow terror or destabilize regions, nations, or a large group of countries. Someone who carefully considers the strike forces of the terrorist groups and the means at their disposal is entitled to wonder whether the national and international communities are investing the necessary ressources. In addition, extreme poverty rages on the African continent and fuels insecurity.
No country in the world, however small, is to be neglected; but seeing the more than a hundred billion of euros invested in Ukraine (https://www.statista.com/statistics/1303432/total-bilateral-aid-to-ukraine) compared to what is injected into a country like the Democratic Republic of Congo , or the countries of the Sahel, to name a few, there is reason to be doubtful.
The future of the world will not happen without the African continent. By the year 2100, Africa will be the most populous continent. Its resources are infinitely more significant than what is communicated by geologists or economists. The proof is that no year passes without discovering new deposits of mining, gas, or oil resources on the continent. The Chinese, who have been very active there in recent years, quickly understood this, even if it is not always in the interest of Africa. President Joe Biden’s recent meeting with African Heads of State is a good start. However, a more mature, holistic strategy involving African leaders is needed.
A collegial action will make it possible to realize, for example, that it is vital to carry out strategic activities at the local, national, continental, and international levels and to mobilize resources far more significant than those announced. Indeed, a ready-made solution outside the continent imposed on African leaders with unilateral conditions will never achieve the desired objectives. However, the continent’s human and mineral resources are so crucial that investing today to build stronger and more peaceful nations will generate infinitely more wealth for both nationals and the international community in the medium and long term. Only how many ears hear the advice of Malagasy friends? How many strategists still consider the teachings of the Lord Jesus Christ?
Today is a special day for Christianity. Many non-Christians have also adopted Christmas out of solidarity or for personal convenience. It, therefore, seems appropriate to us to stimulate reflection on the deep meaning of this festival and its impact on humanity in the light of Luke 2:13-14: « Suddenly, a great company of the heavenly host appeared with the angel, praising God, and saying, « Glory to God in the highest heaven, and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests. » (NIV)
These words follow the birth of the Lord Jesus Christ and his solemn announcement to the shepherds who tended their flocks in the vicinity of Bethlehem. It was at night. The timing could not be better to announce the birth of the Light of the world. However, the symbol does not stop there because the choice of shepherds seems highly disconcerting. Indeed, the shepherds did not have a good reputation at that time. People perceived them as dirty, dishonest, and unreliable. They were, therefore, on the margins of society. But curiously, it is on them and not on the political authorities, the religious leaders, or the business men and women that the choice of God falls to have the scoop of this announcement as exceptional as it is. But what is the deep meaning of this divine strategy?
The hermeneutical key seems to reside in the two fundamental concepts: « glory » and « peace ». Although the original text is in Greek, the terms dóxa (glory) and eirênê (peace) naturally refer to Hebrew realities because the first listeners were Jews. Thus, the glory does not only translate the external beauty and the excellence of the divine nature. It also reflects the Hebrew term kavod, which means « glory, honor, respect, distinction, and importance. » Thus, beyond the aesthetic dimension, the divine majesty is so immense that its weight is terrifying. As a result, human norms and conventions crumble like a house of cards before divine glory, giving shepherds the same value in the eyes of God as any other individual in society. The reasoning is simple: everybody is welcome since even marginalized people are now valued. Christmas is good news for everyone, without any discrimination. What about the second concept?
Here too, it would be aberrant to see in peace mentioned in this text the notion of absence of war and conflict conferred by the etymological meaning of this term in Greek. Instead, this word is deeply rooted in the Jewish cultural and religious context. Thus, « peace » refers to the Hebrew term shalom. It confers the idea of harmony in all dimensions of the human condition. It is harmony with God, with oneself, with one’s fellow beings, with one’s activities, and with one’s environment. In short, it is holistic well-being. At Christmas, God announces to humanity the solution to the multidimensional imbalance caused by the fall in the Garden of Eden. Through Christ, God is interested in spiritual, physical, psychological, social, economic, environmental, and integral welfare of His creatures. It is also under this holistic paradigm that the Lord Jesus placed his ministry through reading the passage from the book of Isaiah, which relates to it in detail (cf. Luke 4:16-19 and Isaiah 61:1 -2 [old Greek version]). Thus, the shepherds have become agents of integral transformation. They promptly assumed this responsibility, spreading the good news in their immediate surroundings (cf. Luke 2:16-20). We then understand that if the outcast can be catalysts for holistic peace, those with a more honorable social position can do it more.
Therefore, this profound message has a broader scope than a superficial reading of the text! The fact that the text is available today, even translated into multiple languages and within reach of the contemporary public, challenges us all. To celebrate Christmas in the spirit of the biblical story is to go beyond the peripheral, material, commercial or worldly dimensions to live the values it contains. As former US President John Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) so aptly said, « Christmas is not a day or a season; it’s a state of mind. » Beyond Christmas’s lively and temporal character, human beings may draw from the depth of their relationship with the Creator of the universe and everything within it to be an instrument of peace in all its dimensions. In so doing, the world would be a better place to live. May it please the Lord to grant us the courage, wisdom, strength, and perseverance to be ambassadors of shalom, in words and deeds, in a world plagued by hostile forces and violence in its many forms!
Aujourd’hui est un grand jour pour la chrétienté et pour ceux et celles qui, sans pratiquer le christianisme, ont adopté Noël par solidarité ou pour convenances personnelles. Aussi nous semble-t-il opportun de stimuler la réflexion sur le sens profond de cette fête et son impact pour l’humanité à la lumière de Luc 2 :13-14.
Il est écrit dans la péricope susmentionnée : “Et tout à coup apparut, aux côtés de l’ange, une multitude d’anges de l’armée céleste qui chantaient les louanges de Dieu: Gloire à Dieu au plus haut des cieux! Et paix sur la terre aux hommes qu’il aime.” (BDS) Ces paroles font suite à la naissance du Seigneur Jésus-Christ et à son annonce solennelle aux bergers qui gardaient leurs troupeaux dans les parages de Bethléem. C’était dans la nuit. Le moment ne pouvait pas être mieux choisi pour annoncer la naissance de la Lumière du monde. Mais le symbole ne s’arrête pas là, car le choix des bergers semble hautement déconcertant. En effet, les bergers n’avaient pas bonne presse à cette époque-là. Ils étaient perçus comme des personnes sales, malhonnêtes et peu fiables. Ils étaient donc en marge de la société. Mais, curieusement, c’est sur eux et non sur les autorités politiques, les religieux ou les hommes et les femmes d’affaires que le choix de Dieu se porte pour avoir la primeur de cette annonce aussi extraordinaire qu’exceptionnelle. Mais, quel est le sens profond de cette démarche divine ?
La clé herméneutique semble se trouver dans les deux concepts clés de la louange angélique : la gloire et la paix. Quoique le texte original soit en grec, les termes dóxa (gloire) et eirênê (paix) renvoient naturellement à des réalités hébraïques du fait que les premiers auditeurs étaient juifs. Ainsi, la gloire ne traduit pas seulement la beauté externe et l’excellence de la nature divine. Elle reflète aussi le mot hébreu kavod qui signifie « gloire, honneur, respect, distinction, et importance ». Ainsi, au-delà de la dimension esthétique, la majesté divine est si immense qu’elle pèse d’un poids terrifiant. Du coup, les normes et conventions humaines s’écroulent comme des châteaux de cartes devant la gloire divine, ce qui donne aux bergers la même valeur aux yeux de Dieu que n’importe quel autre individu dans la société. Le raisonnement est simple : si les personnes marginalisées par leurs semblables sont valorisées par Dieu lui-même, nul n’est dorénavant exclu. Noël est manifestement une bonne nouvelle pour tous, sans discrimination aucune. Qu’en est-il du second concept ?
Là aussi, il serait aberrant de voir en la paix mentionnée dans ce texte la notion d’absence de guerre et de conflit que confère le sens étymologique de ce terme en grec. Il faudrait plutôt comprendre ce mot dans son contexte culturel et religieux. Ainsi, le vocable « paix » renvoie plutôt au terme hébreu shalom. Il exprime l’idée d’une harmonie dans toutes les dimensions de la condition humaine. C’est l’harmonie avec Dieu(y compris le salut éternel), avec soi-même, avec ses semblables, avec ses activités, et avec son environnement. Bref, c’est un bien-être holistique. À Noël, Dieu annonce à l’humanité la solution au déséquilibre pluridimensionnel causé par la chute dans le jardin d’Eden. À travers le Christ, Dieu ne s’intéresse pas seulement au salut de son âme, mais aussi à son épanouissement physique, psychologique, social, économique, environnemental, et à sa santé intégrale. C’est d’ailleurs sous ce paradigme totalitaire que le Seigneur Jésus plaça son ministère à travers la lecture du passage du livre d’Esaïe qui s’y rapporte avec force détails (cf. Luc 4 :16-19 et Esaïe 61 :1-2 [ancienne version grecque]). Ainsi, les bergers sont devenus agents de transformation totale. Ils ont promptement assumé cette responsabilité, en propageant la bonne nouvelle dans leur environnement immédiat (cf. Luc 2 :16-20). L’on comprend alors que si des citoyens mis au ban de la société peuvent être des catalyseurs d’une paix holistique sous la nouvelle économie du salut, ceux et celles qui ont une position sociale plus honorable peuvent le faire davantage.
Ce message combien profond a donc une portée plus vaste que ne le laisse transparaître une lecture superficielle du texte ! Le fait qu’il soit mis par écrit, conservé, traduit en de multiples langues et à la portée du public contemporain nous interpelle tous. Fêter Noël, dans l’esprit du récit biblique c’est surpasser les dimensions superficielles, matérielles, commerciales, voire mondaines, pour vivre les valeurs qu’elle renferme. Comme l’a si bien dit l’ancien Président américain John Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) “Noël n’est pas un jour ni une saison, c’est un état d’esprit.” Si, au-delà du caractère festif et temporel, chaque être humain pouvait puiser dans la profondeur de sa relation avec le Dieu Créateur de l’univers et de tout ce qu’il renferme pour être un instrument de paix dans toutes ses dimensions, le monde serait meilleur. Qu’il plaise au Seigneur de nous accorder le courage, la sagesse, la force et la persévérance nécessaires pour être des ambassadeurs et des ambassadrices du shalom, en paroles et en actes, sur une terre largement en proie aux forces négatives et à la violence sous ses multiples formes !
In what ways COVID-19 has impacted the local economy and even spiritual life negatively?
What do we learn from Habakkuk in such challenging times and how do we apply these lessons to our individual and collective lives?
Joy must characterize the life of a follower of the Lord Jesus Christ. If there is no joy in your daily life, please watch as there is certainly a spiritual leak. Ask yourself these diagnostic questions: Am I complaining often? Do I have the tendency to blame others for almost everything? Do I talk to myself negatively? Do I dwell in my past successes or failures? Do I resist to change? Do I want to please everybody (which by way is am impossible task)? Do I doubt God’s wonderful plan for my life? Do I neglect my Bible study, church attendance, and prayer life? I am hiding to commit sin or life my life like an ungodly person without a respectful fear of God? Am I jealous? Am I envious? Am I afraid of what will happen to me given my current life circumstances? Bring these issues to the Lord in prayer and your will enjoy His peace and joy.
This is a paper on « A Case for Transformational Governance » that Moussa Bongoyok presented at the first Promise Governance Institute International Conference on June 14, 2018 in Ontario California (USA).
Chant composé et exécuté par HELE Solange à l’attention du peuple Mafa.
Song composed and performed by HELE Solange for the attention of the Mafa people.
« Cikuni ca utsi koma kufumula » (Chewa proverb / Zambia)
« The firewood that smokes too much just remove it. » (Chewa proverb / Zambia)
« Le bois de chauffage qui fume trop, il suffit de l’enlever. » (Proverbe Chewa/Zambie)
Morality: « One cannot stay in a room with firewood smoking; all will be inconvenienced. The piece has to be taken out. » The best way to deal with a problem is to attack its root cause.
Note: This proverb, which we comment on in the following lines, is taken from the collection of a thousand Chewa proverbs by Toon van Kessel, Cf. Toon van Kessel Dzedzere-dzedzere salingana nkugweratu (Lusaka: FENZA Publications, 2015) p. 29.
Commentary on the light of the Bible
In recent times, bad news has been coming up on American soil to the rhythm of calamities comparable to a replay of scenes taken straight from the book of Job. No sooner do we perceive a faint glimmer of hope in a national context still haunted by the COVID-19 when awful scenes invite themselves, which bleed the hearts of African American communities already weakened by four centuries of unhealed wounds. The most recent case of George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American who died of suffocation during a nightmarish arrest, sent entire crowds of men and women of all races to the streets of major cities in the United States, even the world. Anger is at its peak, and the streets roar. The most pessimistic voices howl. Peaceful demonstrations are legitimate though. They find their legitimacy in the cry of distress of a fringe of society which suffocates under the weight of the machine of racism in its various forms and colors. However, looting, destruction of public property, theft, and various scenes of violence are not justified. Besides, they are condemned, including by the family of the victim. An injustice cannot repair another injustice because, as Henri LACORDAIRE puts it so well, « Injustice calls for injustice; Violence begets violence. » However, beyond the calls for calm and peace from the African American community, sister communities, and the authorities, the crowds are difficult to control. What to do?
The above circumstances justify the use of the following Chewa proverb finds its full meaning: « The firewood that smokes too much just remove it. » Let us first put it in its geographic and social context. The saying refers to a familiar scene in rural Africa where the populations use wood for cooking and heating. Heating a house during the cold season is particularly delicate because fueling the fire in such a context requires art and method. The firewood quality then plays a crucial role because, even when they are dry, some wood types give off an uncomfortable, unbearable, even potentially fatal smoke. In this case, the only solution is to withdraw the piece of wood that could suffocate the occupants of the house, remove it from the hut, and extinguish it. Armed with the principle that emerges from this act, the Chewa people cite this proverb to show members of society the wisdom of attacking the source of the problem or problems that disturb life in society. The importance of dealing with the source of problems reminds us of several cases in the Holy Scriptures. Let us cite two.
The first case that comes to mind is that of Nehemiah, who, in addition to external attacks, was faced with severe internal tensions described in chapter 5 of the book that bears his name. As a wise leader, he quickly understood that internal dissension is the most dangerous threat in a nation. So, he immediately condemned the social injustices that the victims identified. Nevertheless, Nehemiah did not stop there. He immediately set the whole society on the road to reparations. Besides, he set a good example, and his immediate entourage did the same (Neh. 5:10); this created an emulation among the whole population (Neh. 5:13). Peace returned within the community.
The second example is from the New Testament. Chapter 6 of the book of Acts describes a crisis that threatened the young Christian community dangerously: The Hebraic Jews neglected the widows of the Hellenistic Jews in the daily distribution of food. So, there was an injustice that had no place in the assembly. As soon as the apostles learned of what was going on, they acted immediately to put out the fire before it spread: they asked the ecclesial community to choose distributors with excellent moral and spiritual qualities and entrusted them with this responsibility. The positive effect was immediate for the entire community. It led to the restoration of justice, and the church experienced a remarkable growth.
In both cases, people identified the sources of the tensions, took adequate measures, and implemented them without delay. What lessons can we learn from this as we are struggling to find a suitable solution to the current crisis? Let us say it straight away, but without losing sight of the delicacy of a crisis that has persisted since the 17th century: a way out is possible. The presently explosive African American anger is such because many roots causes fuel it. As long as people focus their attention on the symptoms that are easily noticeable and sometimes distorted by malicious people, the community risks sinking into a cycle of violence that is as unpredictable as it is destructive to society as a whole. However, we do not have to go that route. Instead, all the members of the society must take their courage to finally listen attentively to the dying cries of the desperate victims. Such a decision will imply identifying the roots of the current tensions and committing ourselves resolutely to attack the roots of racism and social injustices. All this requires love, peace, justice, and wisdom. Then, America will emerge from this crisis more robust than ever and would even inspire other nations around the world as many are experiencing similar tensions.
Concretely, prayer is essential before any step because we will need divine wisdom to face better the current situation whose complexity is evident. Then, while maintaining prayer throughout the process, a methodical approach is essential. We modestly propose one in 5 steps:
The foremost leaders of the African American community (recognized as such by the majority of African Americans themselves), beyond socio-political or religious considerations, must meet (even by videoconference) to set up a coordination leadership team.
The coordination team put in place will define a strategy and mechanisms to identify the nature and root causes of each social injustice to which their community is a victim while involving the majority of their brothers and sisters in the collection of reliable data. This phase would benefit from being as strictly internal as possible because no one could describe the depth of African American pain better than the victims themselves.
This team will proceed in the same way for the proposals of concrete solutions, which will make it possible to attack the evil at the root. At this point, it would be wise to start thinking internally but then involve real friends from outside the African American community as they find themselves in all racial groups represented in the United States. This move will strengthen the relevance of the solutions. It will refine the communication style by anticipating the objections of those outside the Afro-American community in order to readjust the arguments accordingly. It will ultimately maximize the chance of adoption of the solutions offered by the majority of society.
The solutions will be presented to the highest competent authorities in the country so that proper decisions can be taken and followed up.
The coordination team and the authorities will then set up, by joint agreement, a monitoring, evaluation, and possible readjustment mechanism so that the measures thus taken are effectively applied today and preserved for future generations. They will also think about strategies for preventing and transforming possible conflicts within the parameters of social justice and non-violence.
In short, we are at a delicate crossroads in history. The path we take will determine the happy or unhappy outcome of future events. Our prayer is that God gives us the wisdom to take the right path of peace and social justice courageously. The United States of America and all the countries have an interest in promoting living together in peace and solidarity. Acting this way is particularly critical in this context of the pandemic COVID-19 pandemic with uncertain contours and with consequences that are both multidimensional and unpredictable. May God give each of us the wisdom, the courage, and the will to actively contribute to building peace and unity on the foundation of social justice!
Moussa Bongoyok, PhD
Professor of Intercultural Studies and Holistic Development
« Je demanderai à Dieu par miséricorde de nous protéger. Ensuite, je vais enfumer, pour aider à purifier l’air, donner des médicaments et les prendre. J’éviterai les lieux, et les personnes, où ma présence n’est pas nécessaire pour ne pas être contaminé et aussi infliger et affecter les autres, pour ne pas causer leur mort par suite de ma négligence. Si Dieu veut me prendre, il me trouvera sûrement et j’aurai fait ce qu’il attendait de moi, sans être responsable ni de ma propre mort ni de la mort des autres. Si mon voisin a besoin de moi, je n’éviterai ni lieu ni personne, mais j’irai librement comme indiqué ci-dessus. Voyez, c’est une telle foi qui craint Dieu parce qu’elle n’est ni impétueuse ni téméraire et ne tente pas Dieu. » Martin Luther
Source :Œuvres de Luther Volume 43 p. 132 la lettre « Que l’on puisse fuir une peste mortelle » écrite au révérend Dr. John Hess.
« L’utilisation médicinale de l’Artemisia annua a été bien établie dans la pharmacopée Chinoise, depuis 168 avant notre ère, et a obtenu une place importante parmi les thérapies à base de plantes. De nombreuses études récentes révèlent également les actions biologiques de l’Artémisia pour guérir diverses maladies. C’est une source importante en phytoconstituants actifs et plus particulièrement l’une de quelques sources en artémisinine et de nombreuses recherches se concentrent même sur ses effets anticancéreux et antiviraux : notamment pour la lutte contre le VIH.
Contributions africaines 